The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president. thumb declares independence.]]

The British North America Act of 1867 takes effect as the Constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation and the federal dominion of Canada; Sir John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada.

The modern Kingdom of the Netherlands is re-founded as a federal monarchy.

Bosnia's Bosniaks and Croats sign an agreement to form a federation in a loose economic union with Croatia.