Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia.

The Bulgarian Exarchate is established by decree of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire.

Bulgarian revolutionary leader Vasil Levski is executed by hanging in Sofia by the Ottoman authorities.

The Herzegovinian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire begins.

Russo-Turkish War: Russian Empire declares war on Ottoman Empire.

Romania declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire following the Senate adoption of Mihail Kogălniceanu's Declaration of Independence. This act is recognized on March 26, 1881 after the end of the Romanian War of Independence.

Bulgaria regains its independence from Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of San Stefano; shortly after Congress of Berlin stripped its status to an autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.

Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains nominal title.

Treaty of Berlin: the European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman empire.

The Greco-Turkish War, also called "Thirty Days' War", is declared between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.

Fall of the Ottoman Empire: an unsuccessful uprising led by the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization against Ottoman Turkey, also known as the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, takes place.

Sultan of Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown, and is succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V.

Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

After declaring war on the Ottoman Empire on September 29, 1911, Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica.

Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declare war on the Ottoman Empire, joining Montenegro in the First Balkan War.

Italy takes possession of Tripoli, Libya from the Ottoman Empire.

First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins.

Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

World War I: The Battle of Gallipoli concludes with an Ottoman Empire victory when the last Allied forces are evacuated from the peninsula.

Erzerum Offensive during World War I, Russian victory over Ottoman Empire

World War I: The British 6th Indian Division surrenders to Ottoman Forces at the Siege of Kut in one of the largest surrenders of British forces up to that point.

World War I: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia") and Auda ibu Tayi capture Aqaba from the Ottoman Empire during the Arab Revolt.

World War I: Third Battle of Gaza ends: British forces capture Gaza from the Ottoman Empire.

Mehmed Talat Pasha and the Young Turk (C.U.P.) ministry resign and sign an armistice, ending Ottoman participation in World War I.

The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice with the Allies, ending the First World War in the Middle East.

Allied troops occupy Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

World War I: Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of Sèvres that divides up the Ottoman Empire between the Allies.

The British install the son of Sharif Hussein bin Ali (leader of the Arab Revolt of 1916 against the Ottoman Empire) as King Faisal I of Iraq.

The last sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed VI, abdicates.

Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.